Diario astronomico Strm Kambys 400

Diario astronómico

BRITISH MUSEUM

Esta tableta de arcilla hallada en Babilonia se conoce con tres nombres:

Strm Kambys 400

LBAT 1477

BM 33066

Esta tableta es fundamental para establecer el vínculo entre las cronologías babilónica y bíblica, pues registra los datos astronómicos del séptimo año de Cambises 2º, hijo de Ciro 2 º que fue el conquistador de Babilonia.

Su parte posterior (Reverse) registra en las líneas 19 a 22, datos relativos a dos eclipses y los fecha según el calendario babilónico.

Dice: “Año 7, el mes de Tammuz, la noche del 14, 1 ⅔ y 1 hora dobles (tres horas y veinte minutos) después de la puesta del sol, la luna tuvo un eclipse total, y se quedó un poco, el viento soplaba desde el norte.

Mes de Tebet, la noche del 14, dos horas doble y media (cinco horas), la noche antes del amanecer, la Luna tuvo un eclipse total, el viento soplaba de norte a sur”.

De acuerdo con estos datos astronómicos, el 7º año de Cambises corresponde al año 523 a.C. Esta es una fecha absoluta para conectar el calendario babilónico con nuestro calendario. Y si el primer año del reinado de Cambises fue el 530 a.C, (523 + 7 = 530) y según dicen los textos cuneiformes, Ciro reinó 9 años en Babilonia, resulta que la caída de Babilonia sucedió en el año 539 a.C. (530 + 9 = 539).

Esta es una traducción al inglés del texto de la tableta

Obverse

1 Year 7 of Kambyses. (the 1st of which was identical with)

the 30^th(of the preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 23º.

2 Month 1º. the 1^st the moon became visible:

3 1 bēru sunset to moonset.

4 Night of the 13th: moonrise to sunset: at 9º.

5 The 13th. moonset to sunrise: 2º 20’.

6 Night of the 14th: sunset to moonrise: 8º 20’.

7 The 14th, sunrise to moonset: 7º 40’.

8 The 27th: (moonrise to sunrise:) at 16º.

9 Month II, (the 1st of which was identical with) the :30^th

(of the Preceding month: sunset to moonset:) 23º.

10 The 13th. moonset to sunrise: 8º 20’.

11 Night of the 14th. moonrise to sunset: 1º.

12 The 14th. sunrise to moonset: 1º 40’.

13 Night of the 15th, sunset to moonrise: 14º 30’.

14 The 27^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 21º.

15 Month 3º, (the 1st of which was identical with) the 30^th

(of the preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 18º 30’.

16 Night of the 14th. moonrise to sunset: 9º 30’.

17 The 14^th, moonset to sunrise: 4º.

18 Night of the 15th, sunset to moonrise: 5º.

19 The 15^th, sunrise to moonset: 8º 30’.

20 The 27^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 15º.

21 Month 4º, the 1st (of which followed the 30th of the

preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 27º.

22 The 13th, moonset to sunrise: 11º.

23 Night of the 14th. moonrise to sunset: 4º.

24 The 14th. sunrise to moonset: 4º.

25 Night of the 15th. sunset to moonrise: 8º 30’.

26 The 27^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 15º.

1 Month 5º, (the 1st of which was identical with} the 30^th

(of the preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 10+[x]º.

2 The 14^th, [moonset to sunrise:] 3º 30’.

3 Night of the 13th, [moonrise to sunset:] 2º 20+[x]’.

4 The 15^th, sunrise to moonset: 1 I^o.

5 Night of the 16th. sunset [to moonrise:) 7º 30’.

6 The 27^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 22º 30’.

7 Month 6º, the 1st {of which followed the 30th of the

preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 15º 40’.

8 The 13^th, moonset to sunrise: 11º.

9 The 14^th, sunrise to moonset: 4º.

10 Night of the 15th. moonrise to sunset: 1^º 20’.

11 Night of the 16th. sunset to moonrise: 8º 40’.

12 The 28^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 15º.

13 Month 7º, the 1st (of which followed the 30th of the

preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 16º 40’.

14 The 13^th, moonset to sunrise: 6º 30’.

15 Night of the 14th. moonrise to sunset: 7º 30’.

16 The 14^th, sunrise to moonset: 12º.

17 Night of the 15th. sunset to moonrise: 3º.

18 The 26^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 22º.

19 Month 8º, (the 1st of which was identical with) the 30^th

(of the preceding month. sunset to moonset:) 12º 40’.

20 The 13^th, moonset to sunrise: 15º.

21 The 14^th, sunrise to moonset: 5º.

22 Night of the 15th. moonrise to sunset: 1º.

23 Night of the 16th. sunset to moonrise: 14º.

24 The 26^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 26º.

(the following paragraph extends over cols. 2º and 3º)

25 Month 12º the 1^st (of which followed the 30th of the

preceding month, sunset to moonset:)19º.

Night of the 13^th, moonrise to sunset: [x]+1º 30’.

26 The 13^th, moonset to sunrise: 5º 20’. Night of the 14th.

sunset to moonrise: 3º.

27 The 14^th, sunrise to moonset: 5º 40’. The 27^th,

(moonrise to sunrise:) 21º.

III

1 The 1[3^th, moonset to sunrise: ....]

2 Night of the l|4th. moonrise to sunset: ....]

3 The 14^th, [sunrise to moonset:] 5º.

4 Night of the 15^th, [sunset to moonrise:] 10º 20’.

5 The 27^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 24º.

6 Month 11º, the 1^st (of which followed the 30^th of the

preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 22º.

7 Night of the 13^th, moonrise to sunset: 17º 20’.

8 The 13^th, moonset to sunrise: 4º 40’.

9 Night of the 14^th, sunset to moonrise: 1^o 40’.

10 The 14^th, sunrise to moonset: 7º.

11 The 27^th, (moonrise to sunrise:) 17º.

12 Month 12º, (the 1^st of which w^ras identical with) the 30^th

(of the preceding month. sunset to moonset:) 15º 30’.

13 The 12^th, moonset to sunrise: 10º 30’.

14 Night of the 13^th, moonrise to sunset: 5º 20’.

15 The 13^th, there was no "moonset to sunrise"

or "sunrise to moonset".

16 Night of the 14^th, sunset to moonrise: 10º.

17 The 25th^sle, (moonrise to sunrise:) 23º: the 27^th,

(moonrise to sunrise:) 12º.

Right edge

1’ [....]....

2’ [(Mercury’s) ....] first appearance ....

3’ [....] last appearance in the east in the

4’ [rear’] foot of Leo.

5’ [.... first appearance] in the west in ….

(break)

1’’ [....]....[....]

2’’ [....]....[....]

3’’ Month XII, the 19^th, last appearance in the west.

4’’ in the Ribbon of the Fishes.

Reverse

1 Year 7, month 5º, the 22^nd,

Jupiter’s last appearance in front of Virgo.

2 Month 6º, the 22^nd,

first appearance behind Virgo.

Month 10º, the 27^th,

it became stationary in front of Libra.

Month 12º was intercalary.

3 Year 8, month 2º, the 25^th,

it became stationary in the area of Virgo.

Month 6º, the 4^th,

last appearance behind Libra.

4 Year 7, month 3º, the 10th.

Venus last appearance in the west in the beginning of Leo.

Month 3º, the 27^th,

5 first appearance in the east in the area of Cancer.

Month 12º, the 7^th,

last appearance in the east in the area of Pisces.

Month XII was intercalary.

6 Year 8, month 1º, the 13^th,

first appearance in the west in the area of the Chariot.

7 Year 7, month 6º, the 3^rd.

Saturn’s last appearance in the area of Virgo.

Month 7º, the 13^th,

first appearance behind Virgo.

Month 12º was intercalary.

8 Year 8, month 5º, the 29^th, last appearance.

9 Year 7, month 2º, the 28^th,

Mars last appearance in front of Gemini.

10 Month 6º, the 13^th, first appearance in the foot of Leo.

Month 12º was intercalary.

Year 8, month 5º, the 12^th, it became stationary.

11 Year 9, month 2º, the 9^th, last appearance behind α Leonis.

12 Year 7, month 7º, the 1^st,

the moon became visible 3 cubits behind Mercury.

Month 6º, the 24^th, Venus was 1+[x cubits’ | above Mars.

13 Month 7º, the 23^rd, last part of the night.

Jupiter was 3 cubits above the moon.

14 Month 7º, the 29^th, last part of the night,

Venus on the north side [came near] 2 fingers to Jupiter.

15 Month 7º, the 12^th, Saturn was 1 cubit in front of Jupiter.

16 Month 7º, the 11^th, Mars came near to Jupiter 2 fingers.

17 Month 8º, the 2^nd, Saturn passed 8 fingers above Venus.

18 Month 10º, the 5^th, Mercury was ½ cubit behind Venus.

19 Year 7, month 4º, night of the 14^th, 1 ⅔ bēru after sunset.

20 the moon made a total eclipse,

a little remained: the north wind blew.

21 Month 10º, night of the 14^th,

when 2 ½ bēru remained to sunrise.

22 the moon made a total eclipse: the south and north winds blew in it.